Mefford, J. T. et al. Correlative operando microscopy of oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. Nature 593, 67–73 (2021).
Seitz, L. C. et al. A highly active and stable IrOx/SrIrO3 catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. Science 353, 1011–1014 (2016).
Wu, Z.-Y. et al. Non-iridium-based electrocatalyst for durable acidic oxygen evolution reaction in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Nat. Mater. 22, 100–108 (2023).
Ram, R. et al. Water-hydroxide trapping in cobalt tungstate for proton exchange membrane water electrolysis. Science 384, 1373–1380 (2024).
Suntivich, J. et al. A perovskite oxide optimized for oxygen evolution catalysis from molecular orbital principles. Science 334, 1383–1385 (2011).
Zhang, B. et al. Homogeneously dispersed multimetal oxygen-evolving catalysts. Science 352, 333–337 (2016).
Chong, L. et al. La- and Mn-doped cobalt spinel oxygen evolution catalyst for proton exchange membrane electrolysis. Science 380, 609–616 (2023).
Sardar, K. et al. Water-splitting electrocatalysis in acid conditions using ruthenate–iridate pyrochlores. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 53, 10960–10964 (2014).
Casadevall, C. et al. Isolation of a Ru(IV) side-on peroxo intermediate in the water oxidation reaction. Nat. Chem. 13, 800–804 (2021).
Li, S. et al. Oxygen-evolving catalytic atoms on metal carbides. Nat. Mater. 20, 1240–1247 (2021).
Ji, Q. et al. Operando identification of the oxide path mechanism with different dual-active sites for acidic water oxidation. Nat. Commun. 15, 8089 (2024).
Zhang, J. et al. Tantalum-stabilized ruthenium oxide electrocatalysts for industrial water electrolysis. Science 387, 48–55 (2025).
Lee, Y. et al. Synthesis and activities of rutile IrO2 and RuO2 nanoparticles for oxygen evolution in acid and alkaline solutions. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 399–404 (2012).
Wen, Y. et al. Stabilizing highly active Ru sites by suppressing lattice oxygen participation in acidic water oxidation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 143, 6482–6490 (2021).
Zhuang, Z. et al. Three-dimensional open nano-netcage electrocatalysts for efficient pH-universal overall water splitting. Nat. Commun. 10, 4875 (2019).
Du, Y. T. et al. Unlocking the potential of metastable-phase catalysts: advantages, stabilization, and applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 54, 7706–7739 (2025).
Tan, C. L. et al. Recent advances in ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chem. Rev. 117, 6225–6331 (2017).
Laha, S. et al. Ruthenium oxide nanosheets for enhanced oxygen evolution catalysis in acidic medium. Adv. Energy Mater. 9, 1803795 (2019).
Chhowalla, M. et al. The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nat. Chem. 5, 263–275 (2013).
Fan, Z. et al. Extraordinary acidic oxygen evolution on new phase 3R-iridium oxide. Joule 5, 3221–3234 (2021).
Jin, H., Song, T., Paik, U. & Qiao, S.-Z. Metastable two-dimensional materials for electrocatalytic energy conversions. Acc. Mater. Res. 2, 559–573 (2021).
Bergeron, H., Lebedev, D. & Hersam, M. C. Polymorphism in post-dichalcogenide two-dimensional materials. Chem. Rev. 121, 2713–2775 (2021).
Chen, C. C., Herhold, A. B., Johnson, C. S. & Alivisatos, A. P. Size dependence of structural metastability in semiconductor nanocrystals. Science 276, 398–401 (1997).
Yang, S.-Z. et al. Rhenium-doped and stabilized MoS2 atomic layers with basal-plane catalytic activity. Adv. Mater. 30, 1803477 (2018).
Chen, J.-M. et al. A complete high-to-low spin state transition of trivalent cobalt ion in octahedral symmetry in SrCo0.5Ru0.5O3−δ. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 1514–1519 (2014).
Zhu, T. et al. High-index faceted RuCo nanoscrews for water electrosplitting. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 2002860 (2020).
Liu, H. J. et al. Insight into the role of metal-oxygen bond and O 2p hole in high-voltage cathode LiNixMn2−xO4. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 16079–16087 (2017).
Song, C. W., Lim, J., Bae, H. B. & Chung, S. Y. Discovery of crystal structure–stability correlation in iridates for oxygen evolution electrocatalysis in acid. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 4178–4188 (2020).
Lin, X. et al. 5f covalency synergistically boosting oxygen evolution of UCoO4 catalyst. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 144, 416–423 (2022).
Fabbri, E. et al. Dynamic surface self-reconstruction is the key of highly active perovskite nano-electrocatalysts for water splitting. Nat. Mater. 16, 925–931 (2017).
Stoerzinger, K. A. et al. Orientation-dependent oxygen evolution on RuO2 without lattice exchange. ACS Energy Lett 2, 876–881 (2017).
Stoerzinger, K. A., Qiao, L., Biegalski, M. D. & Shao-Horn, Y. Orientation-dependent oxygen evolution activities of rutile IrO2 and RuO2. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 5, 1636–1641 (2014).
Man, I. C. et al. Universality in oxygen evolution electrocatalysis on oxide surfaces. ChemCatChem 3, 1159–1165 (2011).
Shi, Z. et al. Customized reaction route for ruthenium oxide towards stabilized water oxidation in high-performance PEM electrolyzers. Nat. Commun. 14, 843 (2023).
Jin, H. et al. Dynamic rhenium dopant boosts ruthenium oxide for durable oxygen evolution. Nat. Commun. 14, 354 (2023).
Wang, Y. et al. Unraveling oxygen vacancy site mechanism of Rh-doped RuO2 catalyst for long-lasting acidic water oxidation. Nat. Commun. 14, 1412 (2023).
Yao, Y. et al. Engineering the electronic structure of single atom Ru sites via compressive strain boosts acidic water oxidation electrocatalysis. Nat. Catal. 2, 304–313 (2019).
Retuerto, M. et al. Na-doped ruthenium perovskite electrocatalysts with improved oxygen evolution activity and durability in acidic media. Nat. Commun. 10, 2041 (2019).
Dang, Q. et al. Iridium metallene oxide for acidic oxygen evolution catalysis. Nat. Commun. 12, 6007 (2021).
Qian, F. et al. High-entropy RuO2 catalyst with dual-site oxide path for durable acidic oxygen evolution reaction. Nat. Commun. 16, 6894 (2025).
